ื•ื™ื–ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” etias

ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ื™ื–ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ

-
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื ืคืงืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช/ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื•ืคื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื•ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ื•ื™ื–ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช (USV)

ื•ื™ื–ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ, ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ 90 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”.

ื‘ืขืœ ืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื”: ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ืฆ'ื›ื™ื”, ื“ื ืžืจืง, ืืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื”, ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, ืฆืจืคืช, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ืื™ืกืœื ื“, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื”, ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื˜ื, ืœื•ืงืกืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ืžืœื˜ื”, ื”ื•ืœื ื“ , ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”, ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ, ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืกืœื•ื‘ื ื™ื”, ืกืคืจื“, ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ.

ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”, ืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช-

ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, "A" ื•-"C".

ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช "A" ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ืืฉืจืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื” ืœื ืกื•ืข ื“ืจืš ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ. ืืฉืจืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื ืžืœ ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื ื’ืŸ. โ€“ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืงื•ื ืงืฉื™ื™ืŸ

ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช "C" ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื•ื™ื–ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื” ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื–ื•, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ:

  • ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
  • ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”.
  • ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”.

ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”

ย ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงืช ืœื“ืจื›ื•ื ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉื ื’ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื”, ื’ื ืื ืœื ื‘ื™ืœื• ืฉื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื™ืจ ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืคื™ืงื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื–ื”. ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื” ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ืœื‘ืงืจ, ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื• ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืจ ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืชื’ "ืชืงืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ" ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœืš, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืชื’ "ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช".

ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื—ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืžื• ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ืกื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ.

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืœื•ื™ื–ื”, ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืš ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื˜ื— ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื•.

ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™. ืฉื•ื‘, ืืœ ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ืืช ืชื’ "ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”" ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ.

ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”

ย ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื™ืจืฆื”, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœื ื™ืคืจื• ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ 90 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ 180 ื™ืžื™ื.

ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื•ื™ื–ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  • ื•ื™ื–ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื ื”
  • ื•ื™ื–ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืœ-3 ืฉื ื™ื
  • ื•ื™ื–ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืœ-5 ืฉื ื™ื
  • ื•ื™ื–ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื ื”

ื•ื™ื–ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื ื”

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื•ื™ื–ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืฉื’ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื•ื™ื–ื” ื–ื•, ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžื” ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื•ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ.

 

ื•ื™ื–ืช MEV ืœืฉื ื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืš ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืชืจืฆื”, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ืฉืืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90 ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•.

ื•ื™ื–ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื

ื”- MEV ืœ-3 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืขื ืง ืœืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื–ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉืชืงืคื” ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช.

ืืฉืจื” ื–ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื™ืจืฆื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90 ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 180 ื™ื•ื.

ื•ื™ื–ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืœ-5 ืฉื ื™ื

ื”- MEV ืœ-5 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืขื ืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื–ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉืชืงืคื” ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช.

 

ื•ื™ื–ื” ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœ-26 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืชืจืฆื”, ืชื•ืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœื ืชืคืจ ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ 90 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ 180 ื™ืžื™ื.

 

ืืฉืจืช ืชื•ืงืฃ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช (LTV)

ย 

ื•ื™ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืš ืœื ืกื•ืข ืจืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืคื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื•ื™ื–ื”. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืืœื•, ืืฉืจื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืชืงืคื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœื ืฆื•ื™ื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื‘ืขืœ ืืฉืจื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืื—ืจืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ืขื“ ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื•ืคื™. ื•ื™ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืคืงืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”-USV ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื”. ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ืžืกืžืš ื ืกื™ืขื” ืชืงืฃ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉื”ื•ื.

ืืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช

ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช "D" ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ. ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœืืจืฆื.

ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืืฉืจื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ื’ื ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื” ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื–ื• ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžืžื ื” ื›ืื•ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื• ื•ื’ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืœืœื ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.

ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืฉืจื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื:

  • ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืชืขื ื™ืง ื•ื™ื–ื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื”.
  • ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืœื ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ. ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืืจื›ื”.
  • ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืžืจื›ื– ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
  • ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™, ืืžืŸ ืื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื—ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืชื•.
  • ืžืงืจื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื›ืžืฆื‘ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืื“ื ืœืฆืืช ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข.
  • ืกื•ื’ื™ ื•ื™ื–ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”

ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžืœื ืืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื˜ื— ืฉื ื’ืŸ. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช:

ย ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” –

ืžื˜ืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ื“ืจืš ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืขืจื›ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื–ืจื—ื™ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืืฉืจื” ื–ื•. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืชื–ื“ืงืง ืœื•ื™ื–ื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืœืื•ื ืฉืœืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื–ื“ืงืง ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ื˜ – ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืกื‘ืจื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”. ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืจืง ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื ืžืœ ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืคืก ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื.

 

ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช – ืื—ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืจ ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืคืก ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื.

ย ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื – ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื•ื™ื–ื” ื–ื•, ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื–ื” ื–ื• ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืžืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชืฆืœื™ื—, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ. ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื–ืžื ื”.

 

ืขืกืงื™ื – ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžื ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื•ื™ื–ื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื•ื™ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื.

 

ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืจืฉืžื™ – ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืกืžืŸ "ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืจืฉืžื™" ื‘ื˜ื•ืคืก ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœืš, ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™. ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ื”ื–ื• ื’ื ืื ืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื•ืžื˜ืจื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื–ื”ื™ื.

 

ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช – ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข ืœืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ 'ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช' ื‘ื˜ื•ืคืก ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœืš. ื•ื™ื–ื” ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืจืคืื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืš 180 ื™ื•ื.

 

ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ – ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื›ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ื™ื, ืงื•ืจืกื™ ืฉืคื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืืฉืจืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื ื’ืŸ. ืžื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืื• ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืžืŸ ื’ื ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ื”ื–ื•.

 

ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข – ืืฉืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ, ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืชืจื‘ื•ืช/ืกืคื•ืจื˜/ื“ืชื™ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื›ืžื• ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•. ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื”, ืื• ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืงื”ืœ.

 

ืื—ืจ – ืื ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœืš ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืืžืช ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืœ, ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช "ืื—ืจ" ื‘ื˜ื•ืคืก ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœืš. ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืฆืจ, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ึผึฐืœื•ึนืžึทืจ. ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื“ืชื™ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื“ืชื™" ืื• "ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช".

ย 

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ื•ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื”

ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ 90 ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 180 ื™ื•ื, ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื• ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื ื’ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ.

 

ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื™ื–ื”.

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ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” – ื”ื•ื ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฉื ื’ืŸ. ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื ื’ืŸ ื ืกืคืจ ื›"ื™ื•ื 1", ื’ื ืื ืืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช. ื•ืื™ืœื• "ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ" ื ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ, ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช.

 

ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” – ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ.

 

ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื 10 ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื•ืงืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื ืžื”-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืขื“ ื”-20 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื›ืœื•ืžืจ. ื‘-3 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื•ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ืชื™ื›ื ืกื• ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฆืืช ื‘-20 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืœื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืฉื”ื•ืช.

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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”, ืขื ื•ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืž-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืขื“ 1 ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ื•ืžืฉืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 10 ื™ืžื™ื, ืื– ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื. ืื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื™ื 7 ื™ืžื™ื, ืื– ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืžื‘ืœื” 10 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ.

 

ืœืคื™ ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ืื ื›ืœื•ืžืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉืชืชืงืคื” ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2018, ืื– ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืชื™ ืฉืชืจืฆื” ืขื“ ื”-15 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021. ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ 90 ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 180 ื™ืžื™ื.

 

90/180 ื›ืœืœ ืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ

ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื” ืžืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ ืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืœื ืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 180 ื™ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืชื•ืงืฃ, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.

 

ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 180 ื™ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ. ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื ื’ืŸ, ืจืง ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืืช 180 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”.

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ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ.

 

ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ื•ื™ื–ื”

ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ืกื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš. ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช ืœื•ื™ื–ื”. ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื ืขืœ "ืงืจื™ืืช ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ", ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื.

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ื”ืืจื›ืช ืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ

ื”ืืจื›ืช ืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืœืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ืงืฆืจื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” (EC) ืžืก'. 810/2009 ืžื™ื•ื 13 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2009 ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืงื•ื“ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืฉืจื•ืช (Journal of Laws of the EU of 2009 L243 / 1). ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื—ื“, ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืกื™ื‘ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื‘ืงืฉืชืš.

 

ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืืจื›ืช ืืฉืจืช ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืœืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ืงืฆืจื” ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

 

  • ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช
  • ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื•ืช
  • ื›ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
  • ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืฉื•ื™ื–ืช ETIAS ืชื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืคื”? ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื!